Ubuchule obutsha bokuskena buvelisa imifanekiso eneenkcukacha ezinkulu ezinokuguqula ufundo lwendalo yomntu.
Xa uPaul Taforo wabona imifanekiso yakhe yokuqala yovavanyo yamaxhoba okukhanya e-COVID-19, wacinga ukuba wasilela.Ingcali yepaleontology ngoqeqesho, uTaforo uchithe iinyanga esebenza namaqela kulo lonke elaseYurophu ukuguqula ii-accelerators zamasuntswana kwiiAlps zaseFrench zibe zizixhobo zokuskena zonyango.
Kwakusekupheleni kukaMeyi ka-2020, kwaye izazinzulu zazinomdla wokuqonda ngcono ukuba i-COVID-19 iwatshabalalisa njani amalungu omntu.UTaforo wayalelwa ukuba aphuhlise indlela enokusebenzisa iiX-reyi zamandla aphezulu eziveliswe yi-European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) eGrenoble, eFransi.Njengesazinzulu se-ESRF, uye watyhala imida ye-x-reyi enesombululo esiphezulu samathambo amatye kunye nezidumbu ezomisiweyo.Ngoku wayesoyikiswa kukuthambile, okuncangathi kweetawuli zephepha.
Imifanekiso yababonisa iinkcukacha ezithe kratya kunaso nasiphi na i-CT scan yezonyango abakhe bayibona ngaphambili, ibavumela ukuba boyise izikhewu ezinenkani kwindlela izazinzulu noogqirha abazibona ngayo kunye nokuqonda amalungu omntu."Kwiincwadi zezifundo ze-anatomy, xa uyibona, inkulu, incinci, kwaye yimifanekiso emihle ezotywe ngesandla ngesizathu esinye: zitoliko lobugcisa kuba asinayo imifanekiso," IYunivesithi yaseLondon (UCL) ) watsho..Umphandi oMkhulu uClaire Walsh uthe."Okwesihlandlo sokuqala sinokwenza eyona nto yokwenyani."
UTaforo noWalsh yinxalenye yeqela lezizwe ngezizwe labaphandi abangaphezu kwama-30 abaye badala indlela entsha enamandla yokuskena yeX-reyi ebizwa ngokuba yiHierarchical Phase Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT).Ngalo, ekugqibeleni banokusuka kwilungu elipheleleyo lomntu baye kumbono owandisiweyo weyona mithambo yegazi mincinane okanye iiseli zomntu ngamnye.
Le ndlela sele ibonelela ngokuqonda okutsha kwindlela i-COVID-19 yonakalisa ngayo kwaye iyilungisa njani imithambo yegazi emiphungeni.Nangona amathemba ayo exesha elide kunzima ukufumanisa ngenxa yokuba akukho nto efana ne-HiP-CT eyakhe yabakho ngaphambili, abaphandi abachulumancisayo ngenxa yesakhono sayo babona ngentshiseko iindlela ezintsha zokuqonda izifo kunye nemephu ye-anatomy yomntu ngemephu ye-topographic echanekileyo.
Ugqirha wentliziyo e-UCL u-Andrew Cooke wathi: “Uninzi lwabantu lunokumangaliswa kukuba kudala sifundisisa i-anatomy yentliziyo, kodwa akukho mvumelwano ngesakhiwo esiqhelekileyo sentliziyo, ngakumbi intliziyo… xa intliziyo ibetha.”
“Bendilinde umsebenzi wam wonke,” watsho.
Ubuchwephesha be-HiP-CT baqala xa iingcali ezimbini zezifo zaseJamani zakhuphisana ukulandelela iziphumo zesohlwayo sentsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2 emzimbeni womntu.
UDanny Jonigk, i-thoracic pathologist kwiSikolo sezoNyango saseHannover, kunye noMaximilian Ackermann, ugqirha wezifo kwiYunivesithi yeZiko lezoNyango i-Mainz, babephapheme njengoko iindaba ze-pneumonia engaqhelekanga zaqala ukusasazeka e-China.Bobabini babenamava okunyanga iimeko zemiphunga kwaye babesazi kwangoko ukuba i-COVID-19 yayingaqhelekanga.Esi sibini besinexhala ngakumbi malunga neengxelo "ze-hypoxia ethe cwaka" egcina abaguli be-COVID-19 bephaphile kodwa yabangela ukuba amanqanaba eoksijini egazi ahle.
U-Ackermann noJonig bakrokrela ukuba i-SARS-CoV-2 ngandlela thile ihlasela imithambo yegazi emiphungeni.Xa isifo sasasazeka eJamani ngo-Matshi ka-2020, esi sibini saqala ukwenza ii-autopsy kumaxhoba e-COVID-19.Ngokukhawuleza bavavanya i-hypothesis yabo ye-vascular ngokufaka i-resin kwiisampulu ze-tissue baze bachithe izicubu kwi-asidi, beshiya imodeli echanekileyo ye-vasculature yasekuqaleni.
Esebenzisa obu buchule, u-Ackermann kunye noJonigk bathelekisa izicubu ezisuka kubantu abangabhubhanga kwi-COVID-19 nezo zivela kubantu abaye bafa.Babona kwangoko ukuba kumaxhoba e-COVID-19, eyona mithambo yegazi incinci emiphungeni yajijeka yaphinda yakhiwa.Ezi ziphumo zibalulekileyo, zipapashwe kwi-intanethi ngoMeyi ka-2020, zibonisa ukuba i-COVID-19 ayisosifo sokuphefumla ngokungqongqo, kodwa sisifo semithambo esinokuthi sichaphazele amalungu omzimba wonke.
“Ukuba uhamba emzimbeni kwaye ulungelelanisa yonke imithambo yegazi, ufumana ama-60,000 ukuya kuma-70,000 eemayile, umgama owuphinda kabini umgama ojikeleze i-ikhweyitha,” utshilo uAckermann, ugqirha wezifo waseWuppertal, eJamani..Wongezelela ukuba ukuba kuphela ipesenti enye yale mithambo yegazi ihlaselwe yintsholongwane, ukuhamba kwegazi kunye nokukwazi ukufunxa ioksijini kuya kuphazamiseka, oku kunokukhokelela kwimiphumo eyingozi kulo lonke ilungu.
Nje ukuba uJonigk no-Ackermann baqonde ifuthe le-COVID-19 kwimithambo yegazi, baqonda ukuba kufuneka bawuqonde ngcono umonakalo.
Ii-x-reyi zonyango, ezifana ne-CT scans, zinokunika iimbono zamalungu onke, kodwa azikho kwisisombululo esiphezulu ngokwaneleyo.I-biopsy ivumela izazinzulu ukuba ziphonononge iisampulu zethishu phantsi kwemakroskopu, kodwa imifanekiso ephumayo imela kuphela inxenye encinci yelungu lilonke kwaye ayinakukwazi ukubonisa ukuba i-COVID-19 ikhula njani emiphungeni.Kwaye ubuchule be-resin obuphuhliswe liqela bufuna ukunyibilikisa izicubu, ezitshabalalisa isampuli kwaye zinciphise uphando olongezelelweyo.
“Ekupheleni kosuku, [imiphunga] ifumana ioksijini kwaye ikharbon dioksidi iyaphuma, kodwa ngenxa yoko, inamawaka eekhilomitha emithanjana yegazi kunye neecapillaries, ziqelelene kakhulu… iphantse ibe ngummangaliso,” utshilo uJonigk, umseki. umphandi oyintloko kwiZiko loPhando lwemiphunga yaseJamani.Ke singayivavanya njani into entsokothileyo njenge-COVID-19 ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa amalungu?"
UJonigk no-Ackermann babedinga into engazange ibonwe ngaphambili: uthotho lwee-x-reyi zelungu elifanayo eliza kuvumela abaphandi ukuba bandise iinxalenye zelungu kwisikali seselula.NgoMatshi ka-2020, i-duo yaseJamani yanxibelelana neqabane labo lexesha elide uPeter Lee, inzululwazi yezixhobo kunye nosihlalo wetekhnoloji ekhulayo e-UCL.Ubungcali buka-Lee kukufunda izinto zebhayoloji kusetyenziswa iiX-reyi ezinamandla, ngoko ke iingcinga zakhe zajika kwangoko kwiiAlps zaseFransi.
I-European Synchrotron Radiation Centre ibekwe kumhlaba ongunxantathu kumntla-ntshona weGrenoble, apho kuhlangana khona imilambo emibini.Into yi-particle accelerator ethumela ii-electron kwii-orbits ezijikelezayo kwisiqingatha semayile ubude malunga nesantya sokukhanya.Njengoko ezi electron zijikeleza kwizangqa, iimagnethi ezinamandla ezikwi-orbit zijika amasuntswana, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ii-electron zikhuphe eyona X-reyi iqaqambileyo ehlabathini.
Le mitha inamandla ivumela i-ESRF ukuba ihlole izinto kwi-micrometer okanye isikali se-nanometer.Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukufunda izinto ezinje ngealloys kunye neecomposites, ukufunda ubume bemolekyuli yeeprotheyini, kunye nokwakha kwakhona iifosili zamandulo ngaphandle kokwahlula ilitye ethanjeni.U-Ackermann, uJonigk noLee babefuna ukusebenzisa isixhobo esikhulu ukuthatha ezona x-reyi zineenkcukacha zehlabathi zamalungu omntu.
Ngena eTaforo, umsebenzi wakhe e-ESRF uye watyhala imida yoko kunokubonwa yisynchrotron scanning.Uluhlu lwayo olunomtsalane lwamaqhinga ngaphambili lwaluvumele izazinzulu ukuba zikrobe ngaphakathi kwamaqanda e-dinosaur kwaye ziphantse zisike ii-mummies ezivulekileyo, kwaye ngokukhawuleza uTaforo waqinisekisa ukuba iisynchrotrons zinokuskena ii-lung lobes zonke kakuhle.Kodwa eneneni, ukuskena amalungu onke omntu ngumngeni omkhulu.
Kwelinye icala, kukho ingxaki yokuthelekisa.Ii-x-reyi eziqhelekileyo zenza imifanekiso esekelwe kubungakanani bemitha yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokufunxa, kunye nezinto ezinzima ezifunxa ngaphezulu kunezo zikhaphukhaphu.Izihlunu ezithambileyo ubukhulu becala zenziwe ngezinto ezikhanyayo-ikhabhoni, i-hydrogen, ioksijini, njl-njl-ngoko azibonakali ngokucacileyo kwi-x-reyi yonyango.
Enye yezinto ezintle nge-ESRF kukuba i-X-reyi yayo ihambelana kakhulu: ukukhanya kuhamba ngamaza, kwaye kwimeko ye-ESRF, zonke ii-X-reyi zayo ziqala kwi-frequency efanayo kunye nokulungelelaniswa, rhoqo zijikeleza, njengeenyawo ezishiyekileyo. nguReik ngegadi yezen.Kodwa njengoko ezi X-reyi zidlula kuloo nto, iyantlukwano efihlakeleyo yoxinaniso inokubangela ukuba iX-reyi nganye ijike kancinane endleleni, yaye umahluko uba lula ukuwubona njengoko iiX-reyi zihambela kude kuloo nto.Oku kunxaxha kunokuveza umahluko ofihlakeleyo woxinaniso phakathi kwento, nokuba yenziwe zizinto zokukhanya.
Kodwa uzinzo ngomnye umba.Ukuze kuthathwe uchungechunge lwe-x-rays eyandisiweyo, i-organ kufuneka ilungiswe kwisimo sayo sendalo ukwenzela ukuba ingagobi okanye ihambe ngaphezu kwewaka le-millimeter.Ngaphezu koko, ii-x-reyi ezilandelelanayo zelungu elifanayo aziyi kuhambelana enye kwenye.Akufuneki ukuthetha, nangona kunjalo, umzimba unokuguquguquka kakhulu.
U-Lee kunye neqela lakhe kwi-UCL bajonge ukuyila izikhongozeli ezinokumelana ne-synchrotron X-rays ngelixa besavumela amaza amaninzi ukuba adlule kangangoko kunokwenzeka.U-Lee uphinde waphatha umbutho jikelele weprojekthi-umzekelo, iinkcukacha zokuthutha izitho zomntu phakathi kweJamani kunye neFransi-kwaye waqesha u-Walsh, ogxininise kwidatha enkulu ye-biomedical, ukunceda ukufumanisa indlela yokuhlalutya i-scans.Ukubuyela eFransi, umsebenzi kaTaforo wawuquka ukuphucula inkqubo yokuskena kunye nokufumana indlela yokugcina ilungu kwisikhongozeli esasisakhiwa liqela likaLee.
UTafforo wayesazi ukuba ukuze amalungu angaboli, kwaye imifanekiso icace kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngeenxalenye ezininzi ze-ethanol enamanzi.Kwakhona wayesazi ukuba kufuneka azinzise ilungu kwinto elingana ncam noxinaniso lwelungu.Isicwangciso sakhe yayikukubeka amalungu ngandlela thile kwi-agar ene-ethanol-rich, into efana nejeli ekhutshwe kwi-seaweed.
Nangona kunjalo, umtyholi ukwiinkcukacha - njengakuninzi lweYurophu, iTaforo ibambekile ekhaya kwaye itshixiwe.Ke uTaforo wahambisa uphando lwakhe kwilebhu yasekhaya: Uchithe iminyaka ehombisa ikhitshi elinobungakanani obuphakathi kunye nabashicileli be-3D, izixhobo ezisisiseko zekhemistri kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukulungisa amathambo ezilwanyana kuphando lwe-anatomical.
UTaforo usebenzise iimveliso ezisuka kwivenkile yegrosari yasekuhlaleni ukufumana indlela yokwenza iagar.Ude aqokelele amanzi esiphango kuphahla asandul’ ukulucoca ukuze enze amanzi adityaniswe neeminerali, isithako esiqhelekileyo kwiifomyula ze-agar zebakala lebhu.Ukuziqhelanisa nokupakisha amalungu eagar, wathabatha amathumbu ehagu kwindawo yokuxhela yasekuhlaleni.
UTaforo wavunyelwa ukuba abuyele kwi-ESRF embindini kaMeyi kuvavanyo lokuqala lwemiphunga yeehagu.Ukusukela ngoMeyi ukuya kuJuni, walungiselela kwaye wajonga i-lung lobe yasekhohlo yendoda eneminyaka engama-54 ubudala ebhubhe yi-COVID-19, u-Ackermann noJonig bayithatha eJamani baya eGrenoble.
“Xa ndibona umfanekiso wokuqala, kukho ileta yoxolo kwi-imeyile yam eya kuye wonke umntu obandakanyekayo kule projekthi: asiphumelelanga kwaye andifumananga iskeni esikumgangatho ophezulu,” utshilo."Ndisandula ukubathumelela imifanekiso emibini ebibi kum kodwa ilungile kubo."
KuLee weYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya, eLos Angeles, imifanekiso iyamangalisa: imifanekiso yelungu elipheleleyo ifana ne-CT scans yezonyango eqhelekileyo, kodwa “inolwazi oluphindwe ngesigidi.”Kuba ngathi umkhenkethi ebefunda eli hlathi ubomi bakhe bonke, mhlawumbi ebhabha phezu kwehlathi ngenqwelo-moya enkulu, okanye ehamba ngendlela.Ngoku babhabhela phezulu njengeentaka eziphezu kwamaphiko.
Iqela lipapashe inkcazo yalo yokuqala epheleleyo yendlela ye-HiP-CT ngoNovemba ka-2021, kwaye abaphandi bakhuphe iinkcukacha ngendlela i-COVID-19 ezichaphazela ngayo iintlobo ezithile zokujikeleza kwimiphunga.
Iskena kwakhona saba nenzuzo engalindelekanga: yanceda abaphandi baqinisekisa abahlobo kunye nosapho ukuba bagonywe.Kwiimeko ezimandundu ze-COVID-19, imithambo yegazi emininzi emiphungeni ibonakala ivuleke kwaye idumbile, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elincinci, imithambo yegazi emincinci inokuthi yenze.
“Xa ujonga ubume bomphunga kumntu osweleke kwi-COVID, awubonakali ngathi ngumphunga — bubugxwayiba,” utshilo uTafolo.
Wongeze ngelithi nakumalungu asempilweni, izikena zatyhila izinto ezifihlakeleyo ze-anatomical ezingazange zibhalwe kuba akukho lungu lomntu elakha lavavanywa ngokweenkcukacha.Ngaphezulu kwe-1 yezigidi zeerandi kwinkxaso-mali evela kwi-Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (umbutho ongenzi nzuzo owasekwa yi-CEO ye-Facebook uMark Zuckerberg kunye nomfazi kaZuckerberg, ugqirha uPriscilla Chan), iqela le-HiP-CT okwangoku lidala into ebizwa ngokuba yi-atlas yamalungu omntu.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iqela likhuphe iskena samalungu amahlanu-intliziyo, ubuchopho, izintso, imiphunga kunye nespleen - esekwe kumalungu anikelwe ngu-Ackermann kunye noJonigk ngexesha le-COVID-19 ye-autopsy eJamani kunye nezempilo "zolawulo" lwe-LADAF.Ilabhoratri ye-Anatomical yaseGrenoble.Iqela livelise idatha, kunye neefilimu zokubhabha, ngokusekelwe kwidatha efumaneka ngokukhululekile kwi-Intanethi.I-Atlas ye-Human Organs ikhula ngokukhawuleza: ezinye izitho ze-30 ziye zahlolwa, kwaye ezinye ze-80 zikwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zokulungiselela.Phantse amaqela ophando ahlukeneyo angama-40 aqhagamshelana neqela ukuze afunde ngakumbi malunga nendlela, uLi uthe.
I-UCL cardiologist uCook ubona amandla amakhulu ekusebenziseni i-HiP-CT ukuqonda i-anatomy esisiseko.I-radiologist ye-UCL uJoe Jacob, ojongene nesifo semiphunga, uthe i-HiP-CT iya kuba "luncedo kakhulu ekuqondeni isifo," ngakumbi kwizakhiwo ezithathu ezifana nemithambo yegazi.
Kwanamagcisa aye angena kulo mbhodamo.UBarney Steele waseLondon esekwe kwindibano yamava obugcisa beMarshmallow Laser Feast uthi uphanda ngenkuthalo ukuba idatha ye-HiP-CT inokuphononongwa njani ngokwenyani.“Ngokusisiseko, senza uhambo ngomzimba womntu,” utshilo.
Kodwa nangona zonke izithembiso ze-HiP-CT, kukho iingxaki ezinzulu.Okokuqala, utsho uWalsh, i-HiP-CT scan ivelisa "umthamo omangalisayo wedatha," ngokulula i-terabyte kwilungu ngalinye.Ukuvumela oogqirha ukuba basebenzise ezi scans kwihlabathi lokwenyani, abaphandi banethemba lokuphuhlisa ujongano olusekwe kwilifu lokuhamba kuzo, njengeMephu zikaGoogle zomzimba womntu.
Kwakhona babefuna ukwenza kube lula ukuguqula izikena zibe yimifuziselo ye-3D esebenzayo.Njengazo zonke iindlela ze-CT scan, i-HiP-CT isebenza ngokuthatha izilayi ezininzi ze-2D zento enikiweyo kwaye zihlanganiswe kunye.Nanamhlanje, uninzi lwale nkqubo lwenziwa ngesandla, ngakumbi xa kujongwa izicwili ezingaqhelekanga okanye ezinesifo.U-Lee noWalsh bathi iqela le-HiP-CT eliphambili kukuphuhlisa iindlela zokufunda ngomatshini ezinokwenza lo msebenzi ube lula.
Le mingeni iya kwanda njengoko i-atlas yamalungu omntu isanda kwaye abaphandi babe namabhongo ngakumbi.Iqela le-HiP-CT lisebenzisa isixhobo samva nje se-ESRF somthi, esibizwa ngokuba yi-BM18, ukuqhubeka nokuskena amalungu eprojekthi.I-BM18 ivelisa umqadi omkhulu weX-reyi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukuskena kuthatha ixesha elincinci, kwaye i-BM18 X-ray detector inokubekwa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-125 yeemitha (38 metres) kude nento eskeniweyo, iyenze iscan icace ngakumbi.Iziphumo ze-BM18 sele zilungile kakhulu, utshilo uTaforo, oye waphinda waphinda wahlola ezinye zeesampulu zeAtlas ye-Human Organ Atlas kwinkqubo entsha.
I-BM18 nayo inokuskena izinto ezinkulu kakhulu.Ngesi sixhobo esitsha, iqela liceba ukuskena umzimba wonke womntu kwindawo enye ekupheleni kuka-2023.
Ejonga amandla amakhulu etekhnoloji, uTaforo uthe, "Ngokwenyani sisekuqaleni."
© 2015-2022 National Geographic Partners, LLC.Onke Amalungelo Agciniwe.