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Izilayidi ezibonisa amanqaku amathathu kwisilayidi ngasinye.Sebenzisa amaqhosha angasemva nalandelayo ukuhamba kwizilayidi, okanye amaqhosha okulawula isilayidi ekupheleni ukuya kwisilayidi ngasinye.
Kutshanje kubonakaliswe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-ultrasound kunokuphucula isivuno sezicubu kwi-ultrasound-enhanced finele aspiration biopsy (USeFNAB) xa kuthelekiswa nesiqhelo esiqhelekileyo senaliti aspiration biopsy (FNAB).Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-bevel geometry kunye nenyathelo lencam yenaliti ayikaphandwa.Kolu phononongo, siphande iipropathi zenaliti yeresonance kunye ne-deflection amplitude yeejiyometri zeenaliti zenaliti ezinobude obahlukeneyo be-bevel.Ukusebenzisa i-lancet eqhelekileyo ene-3.9 mm yokusikwa, i-tip deflection power factor (DPR) yayingama-220 kunye ne-105 µm/W emoyeni nasemanzini, ngokulandelelanayo.Oku kuphezulu kune-axisymmetric 4mm bevel tip, ephumeze i-DPR ye-180 kunye ne-80 µm/W emoyeni nasemanzini, ngokulandelelanayo.Olu pho nonongo lubonisa ukubaluleka kobudlelwane phakathi kokuqina kokugoba kwejometri ye-bevel kumxholo wezixhobo zokufaka ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngoko kunokubonelela ngengqiqo kwiindlela zokulawula isenzo sokusika emva kokuhlatywa ngokuguqula inaliti ye-bevel geometry, ebalulekileyo kwi-USeFNAB.Imicimbi yesicelo.
I-fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) bubuchule apho inaliti isetyenziselwa ukufumana isampulu yethishu xa kurhanelwa ukungaqhelekanga1,2,3.Iingcebiso zohlobo lweFranseen zibonakaliswe ukuba zibonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu kokuxilonga kuneengcebiso zeLancet4 kunye neMenghini5 yendabuko.Iibevel ze-axisymmetric (okt circumferential) ziye zacetywa ukuba kwandiswe ukubakho kwesampulu eyaneleyo ye-histopathology6.
Ngexesha le-biopsy, inaliti idlula kumaleko wolusu kunye nezicubu ukuze kubonakale isifo esikrokrisayo.Izifundo zamva nje zibonise ukuba ukusebenza kwe-ultrasonic kunokunciphisa amandla okubhoboza afunekayo ukufikelela kwizicubu ezithambileyo7,8,9,10.Inaliti ye-bevel geometry ibonakaliswe ukuba ichaphazela amandla okubambisana kweenaliti, umz.Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba emva kokuba inaliti ingene kwi-tissue surface, oko kukuthi emva kokuhlatywa, amandla okusika inaliti ingaba yi-75% ye-force iyonke ye-needle-tissue interaction force12.I-Ultrasound (US) ibonakaliswe ukuphucula umgangatho we-diagnostic soft tissue biopsy kwi-post-puncture phase13.Ezinye iindlela zokuphucula umgangatho we-bone biopsy ziye zaphuhliswa kwi-sampling yezicubu ezinzima14,15 kodwa akukho ziphumo zichazwe ukuba ziphucula umgangatho we-biopsy.Izifundo ezininzi ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukunyuka koomatshini kuyanda ngokunyuka kwe-ultrasound drive voltage16,17,18.Nangona kukho izifundo ezininzi ze-axial (longitudinal) i-static forces kwi-needle-tissue interactions19,20, izifundo kwi-temporal dynamics kunye nenaliti ye-bevel geometry kwi-ultrasonic ephuculweyo ye-FNAB (USeFNAB) ilinganiselwe.
Injongo yolu phononongo ibikukuphanda ifuthe leejiometri ezahlukeneyo zebevel kwincam yenaliti intshukumo eqhutywa kukujika kwenaliti kumaza e-ultrasonic.Ngokukodwa, siye saphanda ifuthe lenaliti ephakathi kwincapha yenaliti emva kokuhlatywa kweebevels zenaliti eziqhelekileyo (umzekelo, iilancets), i-axisymmetric kunye ne-asymmetric ye-bevel geometries enye (umzobo ukuququzelela uphuhliso lweenaliti ze-USeFNAB ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo njengokufunxa okukhethiweyo. ukufikelela okanye iinuclei zezicubu ezithambileyo.
Iijiyometri ezahlukeneyo zebevel zibandakanyiwe kolu phononongo.A izidanga , kwizidanga (\(^\circ\)).(b) i-linear asymmetrical single step chamfers (ebizwa ngokuthi "standard" kwi-DIN 13097: 201937) kunye (c) ne-linear axisymmetric (circumferential) i-chamfers yesinyathelo esisodwa.
Indlela yethu kukuqala imodeli yotshintsho kwi-wavelength egoba ecaleni kwethambeka lelancet eqhelekileyo, i-axisymmetric, kunye ne-asymmetric yenqanaba elinye lokuthambeka kwejiyometri.Emva koko sibala i-parametric study ukuvavanya umphumo we-bevel angle kunye nobude betyhubhu kwindlela yokuthutha yokuhamba.Oku kwenziwa ukumisela ubude obufanelekileyo bokwenza inaliti yeprototype.Ngokusekwe kumlinganiso, iiprototypes zeenaliti zenziwe kunye nokuziphatha kwazo okuguquguqukayo emoyeni, emanzini, kunye ne-10% (w / v) igelatin ye-ballistic yaphawulwa ngovavanyo lokulinganisa i-coefficient ye-voltage reflection coefficient kunye nokubala ukusebenza kakuhle kogqithiso lwamandla, apho ubuxhakaxhaka bokusebenza buvela khona. uzimisele..Okokugqibela, ukucinga ngesantya esiphezulu kusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuphambuka kwegagasi lokugoba kwincam yenaliti emoyeni nasemanzini, kunye nokuqikelela amandla ombane ahanjiswa yi-tilt nganye kunye ne-deflection power factor (DPR) geometry ye-injected. phakathi.
Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 2a, sebenzisa i-No. 21 pipe (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, 0.155 mm ubukhulu bodonga lombhobho, udonga oluqhelekileyo njengoko luchazwe kwi-ISO 9626: 201621) eyenziwe nge-316 insimbi engenasici (i-Young's modulus 205).\(\ okubhaliweyo {GN/m}^{2}\), Ubuninzi 8070 kg/m\(^{3}\), umlinganiselo wePoisson 0.275).
Ukumiselwa kwe-wavelength egobayo kunye nokulungiswa kwemodeli yento egqityiweyo (FEM) yenaliti kunye neemeko zomda.(a) Ukumiselwa kobude be-bevel (BL) kunye nobude bombhobho (TL).(b) Ubukhulu obuthathu (3D) imodeli ephelelisiweyo yesiqalelo (FEM) kusetyenziswa amandla e-harmonic point \(\tilde{F}_y\vec{j}\) ukuvuselela inaliti ekupheleni kweproximal, ukuphambukisa indawo, kunye nokulinganisa isantya ngengcebiso (\( \tilde{u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) ukubala ukushukumiseka kothutho loomatshini.\(\lambda _y\) ichazwa njengobude obugobayo obunxulunyaniswa namandla athe nkqo \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Misela umbindi womxhuzulane, ummandla onqamlezileyo A, kunye nemizuzu ye-inertia \(I_{xx}\) kunye \(I_{yy}\) ejikeleze i-x-axis kunye no-y-axis ngokulandelelanayo.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.I-2b, c, i-infinite (infinited) i-boam ene-cross-sectional area A kunye ne-wavelength enkulu xa kuthelekiswa nobukhulu becandelo le-cross-section ye-beam, ukugoba (okanye ukugoba) isigaba sesantya \(c_{EI}\). ) uchazwa njengo-22:
apho u-E yimodyuli kaLutsha (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0\) yimvuselelo ye-angular frequency (rad/s), apho \( f_0 \ ) ngumgca wefrequency (1/s okanye Hz), ndingumzuzu we-inertia yendawo ejikeleze i-axis yomdla \((\text {m}^{4})\) kunye \(m'=\) rho _0 A \) bubunzima kubude beyunithi (kg/m), apho \(\rho _0\) kukuxinana \(\text {kg/m}^{3})\) kunye no-A ngumnqamlezo -indawo yecandelo lomqadi (xy plane) (\ (\text {m}^{2}\)).Ekubeni kwimeko yethu amandla asetyenzisiweyo angqamene nomgca ongu-y-ethe nkqo, oko kukuthi \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), sinomdla kuphela kumzuzu we-inertia yendawo ejikeleze oxwesileyo x- i-axis, oko kukuthi \(I_{xx} \), yiyo loo nto:
Kwimodeli yesiqalelo esinesiphelo (FEM), i-harmonic displacement esulungekileyo (m) ithathwa, ngoko ke ukukhawulezisa (\(\text {m/s}^{2}\)) kubonakaliswa njenge \(\ partial ^2 \vec {u}/ \ ngokuyinxenye t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\), umz. \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t) := u_x\vec {i} + u_y \ vec {j }+ u_z\vec {k}\) yivektha yokufuduka ene-dimensional-ntathu echazwe kulungelelwaniso lwesithuba.Ukutshintshwa kokugqibela kunye nefom yeLagrangian eguquguqukayo yomthetho wokulinganisa amandla23, ngokokuphunyezwa kwayo kwiphakheji yesoftware yeCOMSOL Multiphysics (iinguqulelo 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, USA), inika:
Apho \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\partial}}{\partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ \inxenye {\ partial z}\vec {k}\) ngumqhubi we tensor divergence, kwaye \({\ underline{\sigma}}\) yi Piola-Kirchhoff yesibini yoxinzelelo tensor (umyalelo wesibini, \(\ text { N /m}^{2}\)), kunye \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec { k} \) yivector yamandla omzimba (\(\teksti {N/m}^{3}\)) yomthamo ngamnye ogobayo, kwaye \(e^{j\phi }\) sisigaba amandla omzimba, ine-engile yesigaba \(\ phi\) (rad).Kwimeko yethu, amandla omthamo womzimba ngu-zero, kwaye imodeli yethu ithatha umgca wejometri kunye ne-deformations encinci ye-elastic, oko kukuthi \({\ underline{\ varepsilon}} ^ {el} = {\ underline{\ varepsilon}}\ ), apho \({\ underline{\varepsilon}}}^{el}\) kunye \({\underline{ \varepsilon}}\) - i-elastic deformation kunye ne-deformation epheleleyo (i-dimensionless yomyalelo wesibini), ngokulandelanayo.I-Hooke's constitutive isotropic elasticity tensor \(\underline{\ukrwela umgca {C))\) ifunyenwe kusetyenziswa imodyuli kaYoung E(\(\text{N/m}^{2}\)) kunye ne-Poisson's ratio v ichazwe, ukuze \ (\ underline{\ underline{C}}:=\ underline{\ underline{C}}(E,v)\) (ulandelelwano lwesine).Ngoko ke ubalo loxinzelelo luba \({\ underline{\sigma}} := \underline{\ underline{C}}:{\ underline{\varepsilon}}\).
Ubalo lwenziwe nge-10-node tetrahedral element ezinobukhulu be element \(\le\) 8 µm.Inaliti ibonakaliswe kwi-vacuum, kwaye ixabiso lokudluliselwa komatshini (ms-1 H-1) lichazwa njenge \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec {j} || F} _y\vec {j }\) ngumqhubi onzima okhoyo ekupheleni kombhobho, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 2b.Transmissive mechanical mobility ibonakaliswa ngeedecibels (dB) kusetyenziswa elona xabiso liphezulu njengereferensi, okt \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}| )\ ), Zonke izifundo ze-FEM zenziwa kwi-frequency ye-29.75 kHz.
Uyilo lwenaliti (umzobo 3) luqukethe inaliti ye-hypodermic eqhelekileyo ye-gauge ye-21 (inombolo yekhathalogu: 4665643, Sterican \ ( ^ \ circledR \), kunye nobubanzi obungaphandle be-0.8 mm, ubude be-120 mm, eyenziwe nge-AISI. i-chromium-nickel insimbi engenasici 304., B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, eJamani) ibeke iplastiki ye-Luer Lock sleeve eyenziwe nge-polypropylene proximal kunye nokuguqulwa kwephuzu elihambelanayo.I-tube yenaliti ithengiswa kwi-waveguide njengoko kuboniswe kumfanekiso we-3b.I-waveguide yaprintwa kumshicileli we-3D wensimbi engenastainless (i-EOS Stainless Steel 316L kwiprinta ye-EOS M 290 3D, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) kwaye emva koko idityaniswe kwi-sensor ye-Langevin usebenzisa i-M4 bolts.I-Langevin transducer iqulathe i-8 piezoelectric ring element ezinobunzima obubini kwisiphelo ngasinye.
Iindidi ezine zeengcebiso (ezifanekisiweyo), i-lancet ekhoyo yorhwebo (L), kunye ne-axisymmetric ye-axisymmetric single-stage bevels (AX1-3) ibonakaliswe ngobude be-bevel (BL) ye-4, 1.2, kunye ne-0.5 mm, ngokulandelanayo.(a) Ukuvala incam yenaliti egqityiweyo.b
Iingcebiso ezintathu ze-axisymmetric bevel (umzobo 3) (i-TAs Machine Tools Oy) zenziwe nge-bevel ubude (i-BL, inqunywe kwi-Fig. 2a) ye-4.0, 1.2 kunye ne-0.5 mm, ehambelana ne-(\ approx\) 2 \ (^\ circ\), 7\(^\circ\) kunye ne-18\(^\circ\).I-waveguide kunye ne-stylus weights yi-3.4 ± 0.017 g (ithetha ± SD, n = 4) ye-bevel L kunye ne-AX1-3, ngokulandelanayo (Quintix \ (^\ circledR\) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, eJamani).Ubude obupheleleyo ukusuka kwincam yenaliti ukuya ekupheleni komkhono weplastiki ngu-13.7, 13.3, 13.3, 13.3 cm kwi-bevel L kunye ne-AX1-3 kwi-Figure 3b, ngokulandelanayo.
Kulo lonke ulungelelwaniso lwenaliti, ubude ukusuka kwincam yenaliti ukuya kwincam ye-waveguide (okt, indawo yokuthengisela) yi-4.3 cm, kunye netyhubhu yenaliti ijongiswe ukuze i-bevel ijonge phezulu (okt, ihambelana ne-Y axis. ).), njengaku (Umfanekiso 2).
Isikripthi esiqhelekileyo kwiMATLAB (R2019a, iMathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, USA) esebenza kwikhompyuter (iLatitude 7490, iDell Inc., eTexas, eU.SA) isetyenziselwe ukuvelisa i-sinusoidal sweep ukusuka kwi-25 ukuya kwi-35 kHz ngemizuzwana eyi-7, iguqulelwe kwisignali ye-analog yi-digital-to-analog (DA) converter (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA).Umqondiso we-analog \(V_0\) (0.5 Vp-p) emva koko yandiswa ngesandisi-lizwi esizinikezeleyo sikanomathotholo (RF) (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).Amandla ombane awehlayo \({V_I}\) aphuma kwi-RF iamplifier ene-impedance ye-50 \ (\ Omega \) kwi-transformer eyakhelwe kwisakhiwo senaliti kunye ne-impedance ye-50 \ (\ Omega) \) I-Langevin transducer (i-multilayer piezoelectric transducers yangaphambili nasemva, elayishwe ngobunzima) isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amaza omatshini.Iamplifier ye-RF yesiko ixhotyiswe nge-double-channel standing wave power factor (SWR) imitha ekwazi ukubona isiganeko \({V_I}\) kunye nombane obonakalisiweyo onyusiweyo \(V_R\) nge-300 kHz analog-to-digital (AD ) umguquleli (i-Analog Discovery 2).Isignali yokuvuselela i-amplitude imodyuliweyo ekuqaleni nasekupheleni ukuthintela ukugqithiswa kwegalelo le-amplifier kunye nezinto ezidlulayo.
Ukusebenzisa ushicilelo lwesiko oluphunyeziweyo kwiMATLAB, umsebenzi wokuphendula rhoqo (AFC), okt kuthatha inkqubo emileyo yomgca.Kwakhona, sebenzisa i-20 ukuya kwi-40 kHz band pass filter ukuze ususe naziphi na iifrikhwensi ezingafunekiyo kwisignali.Ngokubhekiselele kwithiyori yomgca wothumelo, \(\tilde{H}(f)\) kule meko ilingana ne-coefficient yokukhanya kombane, okt \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I} \)26 .Njengoko i-impedance yemveliso ye-amplifier \ (Z_0 \) ihambelana ne-impedance yegalelo ye-transformer eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi yokuguqula, kunye ne-coefficient yokubonisa amandla ombane \ ({P_R}/{P_I}\) iyancipha ukuya \( {V_R }^ 2/{V_I}^2\ ) ilingana \ (|\rho _{V}|^2\).Kwimeko apho ixabiso elipheleleyo lamandla ombane lifunekayo, bala isiganeko \ ( P_I \ ) kwaye ibonakaliswe \ ( P_R \ ) amandla (W) ngokuthatha ingcambu yexabiso lesikwere (rms) ixabiso lombane ohambelanayo, umzekelo, kumgca wothumelo onesinusoidal excitation, \(P = {V}^2/(2Z_0)\)26, apho \(Z_0\) ilingana nama-50 \(\Omega\).Amandla ombane asiwe kumthwalo \(P_T\) (oko kukuthi isiphakathi esifakiweyo) singabalwa njenge \(|P_I – P_R |\) (W RMS) kunye nokuhanjiswa kombane ngokufanelekileyo (PTE) kunokuchazwa kwaye kuchazwe njenge ipesenti (%) ngoko inika 27:
Impendulo yamaxesha ke isetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ii-modal frequencies \ (f_{1-3}\) (kHz) yoyilo lwestylus kunye nogqithiso lwamandla olufanelekileyo, \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}). \ ).FWHM (\(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) iqikelelwa ngokuthe ngqo \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), ukusuka kwiTheyibhile 1 iifrikhwensi \(f_{1-3}\) ezichazwe kwi.
Indlela yokulinganisa i-frequency response (AFC) yesakhiwo se-acicular.I-double-channel swept-sine measurement25,38 isetyenziselwa ukufumana umsebenzi wokuphendula rhoqo \(\ tilde{H}(f)\) kunye nempendulo yayo yempembelelo H (t).\({\mathcal {F}}\) kunye \({\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) ichaza uguqulo oluthotyiweyo lwamanani lwe-Fourier kunye nokusebenza koguqulo oluguquliweyo, ngokulandelelanayo.\(\ tilde{G}(f)\) ithetha imiqondiso emibini yandiswe kwi-domain frequency, umz.\(\tilde{G}_{XrX}\) ithetha inverse scan\(\tilde{X} r( f )\) kunye nophawu lokuhla kwamandla ombane \(\tilde{X}(f)\).
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.5, ikhamera enesantya esiphezulu (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., New Jersey, USA) ixhotyiswe ngelensi enkulu (MP-E 65mm, \(f)/2.8, 1-5 \ (\ amaxesha\), Canon Inc. ., Tokyo, Japan) zazisetyenziselwa ukurekhoda ukuphambuka kwencapha yenaliti ephantsi kwe-excitation ye-flexural (i-frequency eyodwa, i-sinusoid eqhubekayo) kwi-frequency ye-27.5-30 kHz.Ukwenza imephu yomthunzi, into epholileyo ye-LED emhlophe ephezulu (inombolo yenxalenye: 4052899910881, White Led, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) yabekwa emva kwebevel yenaliti.
Imboniselo yangaphambili yokuseta umfuniselo.Ubunzulu bulinganiswa ukusuka kumphezulu weendaba.Isakhiwo senaliti sixinzelelwe kwaye sifakwe kwitafile yokudlulisa imoto.Sebenzisa ikhamera yesantya esiphezulu ene-lens yokukhulisa kakhulu (5\(\ amaxesha\)) ukulinganisa ukuphambuka kwencam ebhentshiweyo.Yonke imilinganiselo ikwimillimeters.
Kuhlobo ngalunye lwebevel yenaliti, sirekhode iifreyimu zekhamera ezinesantya esiphezulu eziyi-128 \(\x\) 128 pixels, nganye inesisombululo sesithuba se-1/180 mm (\(\approx) 5 µm), kunye nesisombululo sexeshana. ye 310,000 izakhelo ngomzuzwana.Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 6, isakhelo ngasinye (1) sinqunyulwe (2) ukuze incam ibe kumgca wokugqibela (ezantsi) kwesakhelo, kwaye ke i-histogram yomfanekiso (3) ibalwa, ngoko ke iCanny thresholds 1 kwaye I-2 inokumiselwa.Emva koko sebenzisa Canny28(4) ubhaqo edge usebenzisa umqhubi weSobel 3 \(\ amaxesha\) 3 kwaye ubale indawo yepixel ye non-cavitational hypotenuse (ebhalwe \(\mathbf {\ times }\)) kuwo onke amanyathelo angama-300 .Ukumisela ixesha lokuphambuka ekupheleni, i-derivative ibalwa (usebenzisa i-algorithm yomehluko ophakathi) (6) kunye nesakhelo esiqulethe i-extrema yendawo (okt incopho) yokuphambuka (7) ichongiwe.Emva kokuhlola ngokubonakalayo i-non-cavitating edge, ibini lezakhelo (okanye iifreyimu ezimbini ezihlulwe ngesiqingatha sexesha) (7) zikhethiwe kwaye i-tip deflection ilinganiswe (ebhalwe \(\ mathbf {\ times} \ ) Oku ngasentla kwaphunyezwa. kwiPython (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) usebenzisa i-algorithm ye-OpenCV Canny edge (v4.5.1, ilayibrari yombono wekhompyutha evulekileyo, i-opencv.org yombane \ (P_T \) (W, rms) .
Ukuphambuka kweengcebiso kulinganiswe kusetyenziswa uluhlu lwezakhelo ezithathwe kwikhamera yesantya esiphezulu kwi-310 kHz kusetyenziswa i-algorithm ye-7-step (1-7) kuquka ukuqulunqa (1-2), ukubonwa komphetho we-Canny (3-4), indawo ye-pixel edge. izibalo (5) kunye nexesha eliphuma kuzo (6), kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuphambuka kwencam-to-ncopho kuye kwalinganiswa kwizibini ezijongwayo zezakhelo (7).
Imilinganiselo ithathwe emoyeni (22.4-22.9 ° C), amanzi adibeneyo (20.8-21.5 ° C) kunye ne-gelatin ye-ballistic 10% (w / v) (19.7-23.0 ° C, \ (\ umbhalo {Honeywell} ^ { \ umbhalo { TM}}\) \(\ umbhalo {Fluka}^{\ umbhalo {TM}}\) I-Bovine kunye ne-Pork Bone Gelatin yoHlobo lwe-I Ballistic, i-Honeywell International, iNorth Carolina, e-USA).Ubushushu bulinganiswa nge-K-type thermocouple amplifier (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, USA) kunye ne-K-type thermocouple (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Ukususela kumbindi Ubunzulu bulinganiswe ukusuka kumphezulu (obekwe njengemvelaphi ye-z-axis) kusetyenziswa inqanaba le-motorized z-axis (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) kunye nesisombululo se-5 µm.ngenyathelo ngalinye.
Ekubeni ubungakanani besampulu babuncinci (n = 5) kwaye ukuqheleka kwakungenakucingelwa, isampuli ye-Wilcoxon enemisila emibini yovavanyo lwesixa semali (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project .org) yasetyenziswa. ukuthelekisa isixa seenaliti ezingafaniyo kwiibevels ezahlukeneyo.Kwakukho uthelekiso lwe-3 kwi-slope nganye, ngoko ke ukulungiswa kwe-Bonferroni kusetyenziswe kunye nenqanaba lokubaluleka elilungisiweyo le-0.017 kunye nesantya sephutha le-5%.
Ngoku masityhile kumfanekiso 7.Kwi-frequency ye-29.75 kHz, ukugoba i-half-wave (\(\ lambda_y/2\)) yenaliti ye-21-gauge \ (\ malunga ne-8 mm).Njengoko umntu esondela kwincam, i-wavelength egobayo iyancipha kunye ne-oblique angle.Kwincam \(\lambda _y/2\) \(\ malunga\) kukho amanyathelo e-3, 1 kunye ne-7 mm ye-lanceolate eqhelekileyo (a), i-asymmetric (b) kunye ne-axisymmetric (c) yokuthambekela kwenaliti enye. , ngokulandelelanayo.Ngaloo ndlela, oku kuthetha ukuba uluhlu lwe-lancet \ (\ malunga) 5 mm (ngenxa yokuba iiplani ezimbini ze-lancet zenza iphuzu elilodwa29,30), i-bevel asymmetric yi-7 mm, i-bevel asymmetric yi-1. mm.Amathambeka e-Axisymmetric (iziko lomxhuzulane lihlala lingaguquki, ngoko ke ubukhulu bodonga lombhobho kuphela butshintsha ecaleni kwethambeka).
Izifundo ze-FEM kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-equations kwi-frequency ye-29.75 kHz.(1) Xa kubalwa ukuguquguquka kwesiqingatha-amaza okugoba (\(\lambda_y/2\)) kwi-lancet (a), i-asymmetric (b) kunye ne-axisymmetric (c) i-bevel geometries (njengakumfanekiso 1a,b,c ).Ixabiso eliphakathi \(\lambda_y/2\) lelancethi, i-asymmetric, kunye ne-axisymmetric bevels yayingu-5.65, 5.17, kunye ne-7.52 mm, ngokulandelanayo.Qaphela ukuba ubukhulu bencam ye-asymmetric kunye ne-axisymmetric bevels bulinganiselwe ku-\(\ malunga) ne-50 µm.
I-Peak Mobility \ (|\ tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) yeyona ndibaniselwano yobude betyhubhu (TL) kunye nobude be-bevel (BL) (Fig. 8, 9).Kwi-lancet eqhelekileyo, ekubeni ubungakanani bayo bugxininisekile, i-TL efanelekileyo \ (\ malunga) 29.1 mm (Umfanekiso 8).Kwi-asymmetric kunye ne-axisymmetric bevels (Umfanekiso 9a, b, ngokulandelanayo), izifundo ze-FEM zibandakanya i-BL ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-7 mm, ngoko ke i-TL efanelekileyo yayisuka kwi-26.9 ukuya kwi-28.7 mm (uluhlu lwe-1.8 mm) kunye ne-27.9 ukuya kwi-29.2 mm (uluhlu 1.3 mm), ngokulandelanayo.Kwi-slope ye-asymmetric (umzobo 9a), i-TL ephezulu yanda ngokulandelelana, yafikelela kwi-plateau kwi-BL 4 mm, kwaye iyancipha ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwi-BL 5 ukuya kwi-7 mm.Kwi-bevel ye-axisymmetric (Umfanekiso we-9b), i-TL eyongezelelweyo inyukile ngokunyuka kwe-BL kwaye ekugqibeleni izinzile kwi-BL ukusuka kwi-6 ukuya kwi-7 mm.Uphononongo olwandisiweyo lwe-axisymmetric tilt (Umfanekiso we-9c) ubonise isethi eyahlukileyo ye-TLs efanelekileyo kwi-(\ approx) 35.1-37.1 mm.Kuzo zonke ii-BLs, umgama phakathi kwezona TL zingcono zimbini \(\approx\) 8mm (ilingana ne\(\lambda_y/2\)).
Ukuhamba kokuhanjiswa kweLancet kwi-29.75 kHz.Inaliti yayinomdla ngokuguquguqukayo kwi-frequency ye-29.75 kHz kunye nokungcangcazela kwalinganiswa kwincam yenaliti kwaye ibonakaliswe njengenani le-transmitted mobility mechanical (dB ngokumalunga nexabiso eliphezulu) kwi-TL 26.5-29.5 mm (kwi-0.1 mm increments). .
Izifundo ze-Parametric ze-FEM kwi-frequency ye-29.75 kHz zibonisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwe-tip ye-axisymmetric kuncinci kuchaphazeleka utshintsho kubude bombhobho kunomlingani wayo we-asymmetric.Ubude be-bevel (BL) kunye nobude bombhobho (TL) izifundo ze-asymmetric (a) kunye ne-axisymmetric (b, c) iijometri ze-bevel kwi-frequency domain study usebenzisa i-FEM (imiqathango yomda iboniswe kwi-Fig. 2).(a, b) I-TL isuka kwi-26.5 ukuya kwi-29.5 mm (isinyathelo se-0.1 mm) kunye ne-BL 1-7 mm (isinyathelo se-0.5 mm).(c) Uphononongo olwandisiweyo lwe-axisymmetric tilt luquka i-TL 25–40 mm (kwi-0.05 mm increments) kunye ne-BL 0.1–7 mm (nge-0.1 mm increments) ebonisa ukuba \(\lambda_y/2\ ) kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno zencam.iimeko zomda ezihambayo.
Ukucwangciswa kwenaliti kuneeigenfrequencies ezintathu \ (f_{1-3}\) ezahlulwe kwiindawo eziphantsi, eziphakathi kunye neendawo eziphezulu njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 1. Ubungakanani be-PTE bubhalwe njengoko kuboniswe kwifig.10 kwaye emva koko ihlalutywe kumfanekiso we-11. Apha ngezantsi kukho okufunyanisiweyo kwindawo nganye yemodali:
Umgangatho orekhodiweyo orekhodiweyo wokuhanjiswa kwamandla okukhawulezayo (PTE) i-amplitudes efunyenwe nge-swept-frequency sinusoidal excitation ye-lancet (L) kunye ne-axisymmetric bevel AX1-3 emoyeni, emanzini kunye ne-gelatin kubunzulu be-20 mm.Umboniso onecala elinye uyaboniswa.Impendulo yefrikhwensi elinganisiweyo (isampulu kwi-300 kHz) yahluzwa i-low-pass yaze yahlanjululwa nge-factor ye-200 yohlalutyo lwe-modal.Umlinganiselo wesignali ukuya kwingxolo ngu \(\le\) 45 dB.Izigaba ze-PTE (imigca echokoziweyo emfusa) iboniswa ngokwezidanga (\(^{\circ}\)).
Uhlalutyo lwempendulo ye-modal (ithetha ± ukuphambuka okusemgangathweni, n = 5) kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 10, kwimithambeka L kunye ne-AX1-3, emoyeni, emanzini kunye ne-10% ye-gelatin (ubunzulu be-20 mm), kunye (phezulu) imimandla emithathu ye-modal ( ephantsi, ephakathi naphezulu) kunye nee-modal frequencies ezihambelanayo\(f_{1-3 }\) (kHz), (i-avareji) ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\) Kubalwa kusetyenziswa ukulingana .(4) kunye (ezantsi) ububanzi obupheleleyo kwisiqingatha semilinganiselo ephezulu \(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), ngokulandelelanayo.Qaphela ukuba umlinganiselo we-bandwidth weqiwe xa i-PTE ephantsi ibhalisiwe, okt \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) kwimeko ye-AX2 ithambeka.I-\(f_2\) imo yafunyaniswa ukuba yeyona ifanelekileyo ukuthelekisa ukuphambuka kwethambeka, njengoko ibonise umgangatho ophezulu wogqithiso lwamandla osebenzayo (\(\text {PTE}_{2}\)), ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99%.
Ummandla wokuqala wemodyuli: \(f_1\) ayixhomekekanga kakhulu kudidi lwesiphakathi esifakelweyo, kodwa kuxhomekeke kwijometri yethambeka.\(f_1\) iyancipha ngokunciphisa ubude be-bevel (27.1, 26.2 kunye ne-25.9 kHz emoyeni ye-AX1-3, ngokulandelanayo).I-avareji zengingqi \(\text {PTE}_{1}\) kunye \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) yi \(\approx\) 81% kunye ne-230 Hz ngokulandelelanayo.\(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1}\) unowona mxholo uphezulu wegelatin kwiLancet (L, 473 Hz).Qaphela ukuba \(\ okubhaliweyo {FWHM}_{1}\) I-AX2 kwi-gelatin ayikwazanga kuhlolwa ngenxa yobukhulu obuphantsi oburekhodiweyo be-FRF.
Ummandla wemodal yesibini: \(f_2\) ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwemidiya efakiweyo kunye nebevel.Amaxabiso aphakathi \(f_2\) yi-29.1, 27.9 kunye ne-28.5 kHz emoyeni, emanzini kunye negelatin, ngokulandelelanayo.Lo mmandla wemodal uphinde wabonisa i-PTE ephezulu ye-99%, eyona iphakamileyo kulo naliphi na iqela elilinganisiweyo, kunye nomyinge wengingqi wama-84%.\(\ okubhaliweyo {FWHM}_{2}\) kunomlinganiselo wommandla we \(\ malunga\) 910 Hz.
Ummandla wendlela yesithathu: rhoqo \(f_3\) kuxhomekeke kudidi lwemidiya kunye ne-bevel.Umndilili \(f_3\) amaxabiso yi-32.0, 31.0 kunye ne-31.3 kHz emoyeni, emanzini kunye negelatin, ngokulandelelanayo.I-\(\text {PTE}_{3}\) i-avareji yengingqi ibiyi \(\malunga\) 74%, elona lisezantsi kuwo nawuphi na ummandla.Umndilili wengingqi \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{3}\) ngu \(\ malunga\) 1085 Hz, ongaphezulu kunommandla wokuqala nowesibini.
       Oku kulandelayo kubhekisa kwiFig.I-12 kunye neThebhile 2. I-lancet (L) ijike kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kuzo zonke iingcebiso, \ (p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (umzobo 12a), ukufikelela kwi-DPR ephezulu (ukuya kwi-220 µm / W emoyeni). I-12 kunye neThebhile 2. I-lancet (L) ijike kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kuzo zonke iingcebiso, \ (p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (umzobo 12a), ukufikelela kwi-DPR ephezulu (ukuya kwi-220 µm / W emoyeni). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 kwaye таблице 2 воздухе, так и в воде (рис. 12а), достигая самого высокого DPR . Oku kulandelayo kusebenza kuMzobo we-12 kunye neThebhile 2. I-Lancet (L) ijike kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kuzo zonke iingcebiso, \ (p <\) 0.017) kumoya kunye namanzi (umzobo 12a), ukufikelela kwi-DPR ephezulu.(ukuya kwi-220 μm / W emoyeni).Smt.Isazobe 12 kunye neTheyibhile 2 ngezantsi.柳叶刀(L) 在空气和水中偏转最多（对所有尖端具有高显着性，\(p<\)高达220 µm/W）.柳叶刀(L) ineempembelelo eziphezulu emoyeni nasemanzini (对所记尖端可以高电影性,\(p<\) 0.017) (图12a), kwaye iphumelele elona DPR liphezulu (ukuya kuma-220 µm/W ngaphakathi umoya). Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (высокая значимость для всех наконечников, \(p<\) 0,017) в воздухе и воде (риадона 12). 20 мкм/Вт в воздухе). I-Lancet (L) ijike kakhulu (ukubaluleka okuphezulu kuzo zonke iingcebiso, \ (p <\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (Fig. 12a), ukufikelela kwi-DPR ephezulu (ukuya kwi-220 µm / W emoyeni). Emoyeni, i-AX1 eyayine-BL ephezulu, ijike ngaphezulu kwe-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka, \(p<\) 0.017), ngelixa i-AX3 (ebene-BL ephantsi) ijike ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR ye-190 µm/W. Emoyeni, i-AX1 eyayine-BL ephezulu, ijike ngaphezulu kwe-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka, \(p<\) 0.017), ngelixa i-AX3 (ebene-BL ephantsi) ijike ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR ye-190 µm/W. 0 X2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Emoyeni, i-AX1 ene-BL ephezulu ijike ngaphezulu kwe-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka \(p<\) 0.017), kanti i-AX3 (ene-BL ephantsi) ijike ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR 190 μm/W.在空气中，具有更高BL的AX1 比AX2-3 偏转更高（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3（具有显着性) 190 µm/W . Emoyeni, ukuphambuka kwe-AX1 ene-BL ephezulu iphezulu kune-AX2-3 (ngokubalulekileyo, \(p<\) 0.017), kunye nokuphambuka kwe-AX3 (nge-BL ephantsi) inkulu kune-AX2, i-DPR yi-190 µm/W . 0 2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Emoyeni, i-AX1 ene-BL ephezulu itenxa ngaphezulu kwe-AX2-3 (ibalulekile, \(p<\) 0.017), kanti i-AX3 (ene-BL ephantsi) ijikisa ngaphezulu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR 190 µm/W.Kumanzi angama-20 mm, ukuphambuka kunye ne-PTE AX1-3 azizange zihluke kakhulu (\(p>\) 0.017).Amanqanaba e-PTE emanzini (90.2-98.4%) ayephezulu kakhulu kunomoya (56-77.5%) (umzobo 12c), kwaye i-phenomenon ye-cavitation yaphawulwa ngexesha lokulinga emanzini (Umfanekiso 13, jonga kwakhona ukongeza. ulwazi).
Ubungakanani be-tip deflection (ithetha ± SD, n = 5) ilinganiswe kwi-bevel L kunye ne-AX1-3 emoyeni nasemanzini (ubunzulu be-20 mm) ibonisa umphumo wokutshintsha i-bevel geometry.Imilinganiselo ifunyenwe kusetyenziswa i-excitation single frequency sinusoidal excitation.(a) Incopho ukuya kwincopho yokutenxa (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) kwincam, ilinganiswe ngo (b) kwiimodyuli zazo ezihlukeneyo \(f_2\).(c) Ugqithiso lwamandla ngobuchule (PTE, RMS, %) ye-equation.(4) kunye (d) Umba wamandla ophambuko (DPR, µm/W) olubalwe njengencopho yokutenxa ukuya kwincopho yombane kunye namandla ombane athunyelwayo \(P_T\) (Wrms).
Umfanekiso oqhelekileyo wesithunzi sekhamera esinesantya esiphezulu esibonisa ukutenxa kwincopho-ukuya-kwincopho (imigca enamachokoza aluhlaza nabomvu) yelancethi (L) kunye nencam ye-axisymmetric (AX1–3) emanzini (20 mm ubunzulu) ngaphezulu komjikelo wesiqingatha.umjikelo, kwi-excitation frequency \ (f_2\) (isampulu frequency 310 kHz).Umfanekiso othotyiweyo wegreyscale unobungakanani be-128×128 pixels kunye nesayizi yepixel ye \(\approx\) 5 µm.Ividiyo inokufumaneka kulwazi olongezelelweyo.
Ngaloo ndlela, senza imodeli yenguqu kwi-wavelength yokugoba (umzobo 7) kwaye sibale ukuhanjiswa komatshini okuhanjiswayo ngokudibanisa ubude bombhobho kunye ne-chamfer (umzobo 8, 9) kwi-lancet eqhelekileyo, i-asymmetric kunye ne-axisymmetric chamfers yeemilo zejometri.Ngokusekelwe kulo mva, siqikelele umgama ongowona 43 mm (okanye \ (\ malunga) 2.75 \ (\ lambda _y\) kwi-29.75 kHz) ukusuka kwincam ukuya kwi-weld, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 5, kwaye yenza ezintathu ze-axisymmetric iibevels ezinobude obahlukeneyo bebevel.Emva koko siye sabonakalisa ukuziphatha kwabo rhoqo emoyeni, emanzini, kunye ne-10% (w / v) i-gelatin ye-ballistic xa kuthelekiswa ne-lancets eqhelekileyo (Amanani 10, 11) kwaye simisela indlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokuthelekisa i-bevel deflection.Ekugqibeleni, silinganise ukuphambuka kweengcebiso ngokugoba amaza emoyeni nasemanzini kubunzulu be-20 mm kwaye silinganise ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okusebenza kakuhle (PTE, %) kunye ne-deflection factor factor (DPR, µm/W) yesiphakathi sofakelo kwi-bevel nganye.uhlobo lwe-angular (Umfanekiso we-12).
Inaliti yejometri ye-bevel ibonakaliswe ukuba ichaphazele ubungakanani bokuphambuka kwencapha yenaliti.I-lancet iphumelele ukuphambuka okuphezulu kunye ne-DPR ephezulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-axisymmetric bevel kunye ne-avareji ephantsi ye-deflection (Fig. 12).I-4 mm ye-axisymmetric bevel (AX1) ene-bevel ende iphumelele ukuphambuka okubalulekileyo ngokwezibalo emoyeni xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinaliti ze-axisymmetric (AX2–3) (\(p <0.017\), iTheyibhile 2), kodwa kwakungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo. .ijongwe xa inaliti ifakwe emanzini.Ke, akukho nzuzo icacileyo yokuba nobude be-bevel ende ngokuhambelana nencopho yokuphambuka kwincam.Ngale nto engqondweni, kuvela ukuba ijometri ye-bevel efundwayo kwesi sifundo inempembelelo enkulu kumlinganiselo wokuphambuka kunobude be-bevel.Oku kunokuba ngenxa yokuqina kokugoba, umzekelo kuxhomekeke kubukhulu obupheleleyo bezinto ezigobileyo kunye noyilo lwenaliti.
Kwizifundo zovavanyo, ubukhulu be-flexible wave ebonakalisiweyo buchatshazelwa yimiqathango yomda we-tip.Xa incam yenaliti ifakwe emanzini kunye negelatin, \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) yi \(\malunga\) 95%, kwaye \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) yi \ (\ okubhaliweyo {PTE}_{ 2}\) amaxabiso yi-73% kunye ne-77% ye (\text {PTE}_{1}\) kunye \(\text {PTE}_{3}\), ngokulandelanayo (Umfanekiso 11).Oku kubonisa ukuba ugqithiso oluphezulu lwamandla e-acoustic kwi-casting medium, okt amanzi okanye i-gelatin, kwenzeka kwi-\(f_2\).Ukuziphatha okufanayo kwabonwa kwisifundo sangaphambili31 kusetyenziswa ukucwangciswa kwesixhobo esilula kwi-41-43 kHz uluhlu lwamafrikhwensi, apho ababhali babonisa ukuxhomekeka komlinganiso wokubonakalisa i-voltage kwi-modulus yomatshini we-medium embedding medium.Ubunzulu bokungena32 kunye neempawu zomatshini zezicubu zibonelela ngomthwalo womatshini kwinaliti kwaye ngoko ke kulindeleke ukuba kuphembelele indlela yokuziphatha ye-resonant ye-UZEFNAB.Ngaloo ndlela, i-algorithms yokulandelela i-resonance (umzekelo, i-17, i-18, i-33) ingasetyenziselwa ukunyusa amandla omsindo ahanjiswe ngenaliti.
Ukulinganisa kwii-wavelengths ezigobileyo (umzobo 7) ubonisa ukuba i-axisymmetric incam iqiniswe ngokwesakhiwo (okt, ingqongqo ngakumbi ekugobeni) kune-lancet kunye ne-asymmetric bevel.Ngokusekwe kwi-(1) kunye nokusetyenziswa kobudlelwane be-velocity-frequency eyaziwayo, siqikelela ukuqina kokugoba kwincam yenaliti njenge \ (\ malunga\) 200, 20 kunye ne-1500 MPa ye-lancet, i-asymmetric kunye ne-axial ethambekele iindiza, ngokulandelanayo.Oku kuhambelana \ (\ lambda_y \) ye \ (\ malunga \) 5.3, 1.7, kunye ne-14.2 mm, ngokulandelanayo, kwi-29.75 kHz (Umfanekiso 7a-c).Ukuqwalasela ukhuseleko lweklinikhi ngexesha le-USeFNAB, umphumo wejometri ekuqineni kwesakhiwo senqwelomoya ethambekele kufuneka ihlolwe34.
Uphononongo lweeparamitha ze-bevel ngokumalunga nobude betyhubhu (Umfanekiso we-9) ubonise ukuba uluhlu oluchanekileyo lokuhambisa luphezulu kwi-bevel asymmetric (1.8 mm) kune-axisymmetric bevel (1.3 mm).Ukongezelela, ukuhamba kuzinzile kwi-(\ malunga) ukusuka kwi-4 ukuya kwi-4.5 mm kunye ne-6 ukuya kwi-7 mm ye-asymmetric kunye ne-axisymmetric tilts, ngokulandelanayo (umzobo 9a, b).Ukubaluleka okusebenzayo koku kufunyanwa kubonakaliswe ekunyamezelweni kwemveliso, umzekelo, uluhlu oluphantsi lwe-TL olufanelekileyo lunokuthetha ukuba ubude obuchanekileyo bufunekayo.Ngexesha elifanayo, i-plateau yokuhamba inika ukunyamezela okukhulu ekukhetheni ubude bediphu kwi-frequency enikeziweyo ngaphandle kwempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekuhambeni.
Uphononongo lubandakanya le mida elandelayo.Umlinganiselo othe ngqo wokujikwa kweenaliti usebenzisa ukubonwa komphetho kunye ne-imaging yesantya esiphezulu (Umfanekiso we-12) uthetha ukuba sithintelwe kumajelo osasazo abonakalayo afana nomoya kunye namanzi.Singathanda kwakhona ukuphawula ukuba asizange sisebenzise iimvavanyo zokuvavanya ukuhanjiswa okufanisiweyo kunye nokuchasene, kodwa sisebenzise izifundo ze-FEM ukugqiba ubude obude bokwenziwa kweenaliti.Ngokumalunga nokulinganiselwa okusebenzayo, ubude be-lancet ukusuka kwi-tip ukuya kwi-sleeve \ (\ malunga) no-0.4 cm ubude kunezinye iinaliti (AX1-3), jonga umkhiwane.3b.Oku kunokuchaphazela impendulo ye-modal yoyilo lwenaliti.Ukongezelela, imilo kunye nomthamo we-solder ekupheleni kwepini ye-waveguide (jonga uMzobo 3) unokuchaphazela i-impedance yomatshini yoyilo lwephini, ukwazisa iimpazamo kwi-impedance yomatshini kunye nokuziphatha okugoba.
Okokugqibela, sibonise ukuba i-bevel geometry yovavanyo ichaphazela isixa sokuphambuka kwi-USeFNAB.Ukuba ukuphambuka okukhulu kuya kuba nefuthe elihle kwisiphumo senaliti kwizicubu, njengokusika ukusebenza kakuhle emva kokubhoboza, ke i-lancet eqhelekileyo inokucetyiswa kwi-USeFNAB njengoko ibonelela ngokuphambuka okuphezulu ngelixa igcina ukuqina okwaneleyo kwencam yesakhiwo..Ngaphezu koko, uphando olutshanje35 lubonise ukuba ukuphambuka okukhulu kweengcebiso kunokuphucula iziphumo zebhayoloji ezifana ne-cavitation, enokuthi iququzelele ukuphuhliswa kwezicelo zotyando oluncinci.Ngenxa yokuba ukonyuka kwamandla e-acoustic ewonke kubonisiwe ukonyusa inani le-biopsies kwi-USeFNAB13, izifundo ezongezelelekileyo zobungakanani besampulu kunye nomgangatho ziyafuneka ukuvavanya iingenelo zeklinikhi ezineenkcukacha zejometri yenaliti efundiweyo.